ところで、今週末のゴルフ大会へは行くんですか。
I feel I have a decent understanding of both of those particles, but I'm wondering how the meaning of the sentence changes with and without the は after へ.
Answer
は is the topic particle and can be used in combination with a variety of particles. When combined with the subject particle が or the object particle を, は usually replaces が or を. With all other particles, it goes after the particle. (In fact, を＋は may also turn into をば, see Dono's comment.) In your example sentence, it makes ゴルフ大会へ "to the golf tournament" the topic of the sentence.
A similar sentence would be
今週末のゴルフ大会には行くんですか。
and the difference between this and your sentence is just the difference between に and へ.
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