mole - What is the correct value of the Avogadro constant? And how was it derived?

I found different values of Avogadro constant in different places. So what is the correct value?

$\pu{6.0221367*10^{23}}$ or
$\pu{6.02214129*10^{23}}$ or
$\pu{6.0221415*10^{23}}$ or anything else?

Answer

Whenever you're looking for accurate fundamental physical constants, CODATA recommended values are the way to go. As of 2015, the latest data for the Avogadro constant is from 2014. According to CODATA, the most accurate value is:

$$6.022\ 140\ 857 \times 10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}} \pm 0.000\ 000\ 074 \times 10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}\ \ \ \ \rm{(CODATA\ 2014)}$$

The relative uncertainty in the measurement is thus only 12 parts per billion!

Interestingly, the Avogadro constant may be redefined in the near future to be an exact value, that is, a constant with zero uncertainty by definition, much like the speed of light. This would come as a consequence of redefining the SI kilogram as a function of the number of atoms in an ultrapure monoisotopic $\ce{^{28}Si}$ monocrystalline sphere engineered to extreme precision. A great video on this can be found in the Veritasium YouTube channel.

All that said, I suspect you don't really have to care which constant should be used. All the suggested values differ by one part in a million, which makes essentially no difference for most chemistry.

Edit: As pointed out by Loong in the comments, a few weeks after writing this answer, CODATA released updated values for the physical constants, so I updated this answer for accuracy. The next set of updated values will likely be announced in 2018-2019. For comparison, the previous value was:

$$6.022\ 141\ 29 \times 10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}} \pm 0.000\ 000\ 27 \times 10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}\ \ \ \ \rm{(CODATA\ 2010)} $$

This represents an uncertainty of 44 parts per billion. This means the uncertainty in the measurement has been cut to almost a fourth of its previous value in four years. Go science!