Here are some examples:
取れる+たて -> 取れたて
・取れたてのたけのこ; fresh bamboo shoots that have just been harvested.
できる+たて -> できたて
・できたてのごはん; fresh rice that has just been cooked.
生まれる+たて -> 生まれたて
・生まれたての赤ちゃん; a newly born baby
In what way is it a version of the conjunctive form (連用形?) ? How does this suffix(?) work and what meaning does it express?
Answer
たて is 立て, which is related to 立つ (to stand up).
立ちながらタバコを吸う （tachinagara tabako o suu: to smoke while standing).
Something just having finished seems to be somehow related to standing, etymologically or semantically. The kanji used to write it reveals the connection.
Verbs take on shifted meanings when used to form agglutinative compounds. 見る (miru) turns into "try something", 置く (oku) turns into "prepare for later convenience" etc.
In 立て there seems to be a similar effect although the grammatic function isn't the same.
If some action recently finished its effect is "standing", in some sense. The rice was cooked, and it is still cooked now: the cooked status "stands" (a metaphor for persistence in a state that was recently achieved).
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