ある ‘some’ is an obvious rentaikei of the verb 有り, ‘to exist’, and its emergence as a pronominal is due to the kanbun influence of Chinese 有 ɦuwX ‘same’ (Zisk, M. (2018). Middle Chinese Loan Translations and Derivations in Japanese. Japanese/Korean Linguistics, 24. p. 323).
But what is と in the extended form, とある ‘some, certain’?
Martin, S. E. (1987). The Japanese language through time (p. 397). New Haven: Yale University Press is silent on that. Iwanami Kogo Jiten just claims the word exists and gives example, no etymology.
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