words - What is the source of the expression המבין יבין?

The Forward writer Philologos in his most recent column claimed that the earliest uses of the expression והמבין יבין are found in the Ra'avad and in the Radak. Based on the fact that both these individuals lived in (late 12th century) Provence, he claims that the origin of the phrase is a Provencal translation of the New Testament. However, this expression is found earlier in the Lekach Tov (11th century Greece) and in the Ibn Ezra (early 12th c. Spain) as well as in many twelfth c. Ashkenazi works such as Rabbenu Tam's Sefer ha-Yashar, R. Yehuda b. Kalonymous' Tannaim ve-Amoraim, the Chizkuni al ha-Torah, and other places. This being the case, what is the most likely origin of the expression?

word choice - The many ways to say "and" in Japanese

In English, we just have one word for the conjunction and which works just fine for many categories, but in Japanese, there are separate words:

• と joins nouns together in a closed list


• や joins nouns together in an open list


• そして does it do something like joining clauses or run-on sentences?


• て joins adjectives


• たり joins verbs?



• も which I naively thought of as only meaning "too/also".


• し joins adjectives and verbs?

When can each be used and how should the language learner keep their usages straight and not confuse them?

Answer

と and や are used to connect two or more nouns.

Most of the time, と can only be used for a fixed number of items like:

キーボードとマウスがいる。

We need a keyboard and a mouse.

But や is used when there is a variable/unknown length like:

キーボードやマウス、それにLANケーブルとかもいるかも。

We need a keyboard, a mouse, and probably LAN cables too.

や can also have the sense of "OR" or "AND/OR" as in:

日本で寿司や刺身を食べたことがまだありません。

I haven't tried sushi and/or sashimi in Japan yet.

But と only means "AND":

日本で寿司と刺身を食べたことがまだありません。

I haven't tried sushi and sashimi in Japan yet.

そして is used as a conjunction between two phrases and has the sense of "then ..."

～たり is used to connect two verbs and is used in the sense of giving examples, like Lukman mentioned in the comments:

泣いたり笑ったりするのは生きてる証拠さ。

～くて is used to connect two adjectives like:

彼女は美しくて、格好いい。

She is pretty and has wonderful style.

And yes, ～し～し is used to connect two adjectives, with exclusive positive or negative senses:

この部屋は綺麗だし広いし間取りもいいから人気がある。

This room is clean, spacious, and also well partitioned, so most of the people like it.

あの部屋は汚いし暗いし駅からも遠いからなかなか借り手が見つかりません。

That room is (a bit) dirty, (kind of) dark, and far from the station, so nobody bothers to rent it.

～も is normally used in the sense of "too / also", but sometimes it is used in the sense of "AND":

これもそれもあれも全部欲しいな。

I'd like to have this, that, and also that one, basically everything.

And there are some more forms like ～かつ～ ("plus ..." or "not only ... but also ..."):

必要かつ十分

necessary and sufficient

Also, 及び, 並びに, ともに, and おまけに have a similar usage to "AND".

particles - What are the uses of に and とは in this sentence?

What are the uses of に and とは in this sentence?

俺のような学生生活に夢も持たない人間とはまったく違う人種。

I know this sentence says something along the lines of 'Those people are like a completely different race than someone who has a dreamless school life like me'. What I don't understand is the use of に on the 学生生活 and also the とは but I think that it might be a shortening of というは?

Answer

In this context, the 「～～に」 describes what the object of an action is -- "towards", "for", "regarding", etc. The action here is to have dreams. This 「に」 has the same meaning as 「～～に[対]{たい}して」.

The 「～～とは」 means "from/than ~~" and is often following by a word like 「[違]{ちが}う」, 「[異]{こと}なる」, etc. to express "A is different from/than B." 「とは」 is an emphatic version of a plain 「と」 as in 「AはBと違う」. 　「は」 is often combined with another particle to express emphais as in 「には」、「では」, etc.　This 「と」 has nothing to do with 「というのは」.

Your translation is actually very good.

history - What happened to Avraham's other sons?

After the Torah's account of Avraham's other sons, Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah, being sent to the East with gifts, do we have any tradition about what became of them? Did they play any significant role in the continuation of history?

organic chemistry - Carbon with 5 bonds?

I've heard that, even though according to Molecular Orbital Theory there is no chance of having nobel gases bonded to each other, it is not totally impossible. For example, under extreme conditions, Ar2 can be synthesised.

So I am wondering whether a carbon can make 5 bonds if the required conditions are provided.

Answer

Carbon cannot have more then 4 double-electron bonds in reasonable conditions. However, in can form a bond with 5 or 6 atoms, like $\ce{Fe6C}$ fragment, where iron atoms form octahedron around the carbon atom. However, the sum of orders of 6 $\ce{C-Fe}$ bonds will be still 4.

The situation is different if we consider exited states. Indeed, it is possible for hight excited state of carbon to be able to form 5 or 6 bonds. The resulting structure, however, will die quickly.

Noble gases are able to form molecules in excited states, or, to be precise, their molecules are stable only in excited state. This kind of molecules is known as excimer (excited dimer).

matlab - Comparison between 2 images in Frequency domain

As you can see there are 2 images from the Tom and Jerry cartoon program.

In the 1st image both Tom and Jerry are present. But in the 2nd one,only Tom is present.Now,we can clearly see this difference in spatial domain. But i want to compare these images in Frequency domain.

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  So can anybody explain how do we compare these 2 images and find out the missing part from the 2nd image i.e. image of Jerry using Fourier transform ?

  
  


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  Also,is it possible to find out location of Jerry in the image using any frequency transform method? If yes can you explain how?

  
  

eretz yisrael - How can one eat non-certified kosher Israeli produce?

In Israel, there are many stores that are not certified kosher that sell produce grown in Israel. What is the procedure for taking teruma and maaser, and is there anything else a buyer would need to keep in mind?

Answer

One separates the truma and ma'aser for oneself as explained by and Canadian Council of Orthodox Rabbis - COR and the OU Separating Terumah and Maaser

1) Place all of the produce in front of you.

2) Remove slightly more than 1% of the produce. For example, if there are 100 oranges, one whole orange and a small part of a second orange are separated.

3) A coin, which is valid currency in the country in which the redemption is performed, is designated for redemption. At the time of this writing, one nickel is sufficient3.

4) No blessing is recited because of the possibility (though remote) that terumah and ma’ aser were separated in Israel.

Separate 10% of the remainder for ma'aser rishon.

Ma’ aser R.ishon: 10% of the remaining produce is designated Ma’ aser Rishon. This is normally given to the Levi, but may be eaten by anyone. However, in practice, when purchasing produce in a store, the halachah requires that the ma’ aser be designated, but it may then be eaten by the owner of the produce, for the reason explained in footnote 7 below.

Footnote 7 states:

7 There is a slight possibility that there is no obligation to tithe the produce. One reason is that the local Rav may have already have done so. Since this possibility is remote, the produce must be tithed. However, there are sufficient grounds to apply the rule of hamotzi mechavero olav horaya (the burden of proof lies with the extractor), and the ma’ aser portion may be eaten after it is designated.

Note this:

Terumas Ma’ aser: 10% of the Ma’ aser Rishon is separated and is designated for the Kohen. As Terumah Gedolah, this may only be eaten by a Kohen who is ritually pure, and it is therefore left uneaten today. It., too, must be wrapped before it is discarded.

Separate 10% of the remainder for either Ma'aser Sheni (yers 1, 2, 4, 5) or Ma'aser Ani (years 3, 6) based on which year of the Shmittah cycle it is.

A coin is designated for the redemption of Maaser Sheini. This coin must be worth at least a shoveh pruta. At the time of writing, a nickel is sufficient.

One recites the appropriate text specifying which parts are trumah or ma'aser

If one has difficulty reciting the full text or if it not available, one may recite the following simplified version:

"All separations of Terumah and Maaser and redemptions of Maaser Sheini and Neta Revai shall be effected in accordance with the text of the Chazon Ish."

The separated portion is wrapped and discarded. The coin must be disposed of so that no one shall accidentally find it and use it.