This may be a very broad question. I always asked myself how scientists manage to find out the exact molecular structures of for instance water or carbohydrates. How do they know? How do they know the angle between the bonds in water? Is there a classical example demonstrating and substantiating current knowledge on molecular level of structure?
The if we go to atoms, how do people know what charge an ion has? How can be know we have atoms with 7 protons for instance?
Probably there are zillion ways required to find out, but could you give me some general examples?
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