I'm starting my JLPT N1 study, but am already running into roadblocks just reading the example sentences which is rather embarrassing. The way things are going, I'll have many more questions in the future.
Any English is my translation
Pick the most suitable word to fill in the blank.
今度の選挙に落選した（ ）、二度と政界に戻れないだろう。
１）が最後 ２）が早いか ３）ものなら ４）とたんに
The correct answer is 1, but I don't really see how it works. My language parser fails. My first guess was 3 because then it would read something like "The ones who lost this election will probably not be able to go back to politics again."
The official explanation:
では、まず（ ）の前後のことがら（「落選した」と「政界に戻れない」）の関係を考え、さらに文末の「〜だろう」から、未来の予測を表している文だと考えます。「落選した」という動詞の形につく文法形式であることも重要です。正しい答えは「１ が最後」です。
I would translate that as
If you first consider the phrases around the blank, "failed to be elected" and "won't be able to go back to politics", and then notice the 〜だろう at the end, you can tell that this implies a prediction about the future. The grammatical form of the "failed to be elected" verb is important as well. The correct answer is #1.
I can't say that helps me any. Any explanation would be very much appreciated.
Answer
Choices two and four are out immediately because they both essentially mean "the moment ～ happens / as soon as ～", and the translation would not even make sense.
- As soon as I lost the election, I'll likely never return to the political world/scene.
Both clauses make sense, but put together like that just makes a nonsense statement.
Now choices one and three could both make sense, but it comes down to knowing syntax and specifics about the grammar. In my grammar book*, there are two patterns containing ～ものなら; both are suppositions (obviously).
～ものなら【もし～できるなら】
This basically means If ～ were possible, .... So far, choice three is still in the running. However, here is the kicker:
「～ものなら」の前には可能の意味を含む動詞が来る。そして実現が難しそうなことを、「もしできるなら」と仮定して、後の文で希望や命令など話す人の意志を表す。 動詞の辞書形＋ものなら → The verb coming before 「～ものなら」 is one that includes the meaning of possibility. Assuming a hard-to-actualize situation, the latter part of the sentence expresses the speaker's desires or command.
There are several clues that eliminate this pattern. Most obvious is that 落選した is neither in the dictionary form, nor a potential verb. Also, I would say that the 文末 does not express the speakers 希望 because of the included だろう, but that's already a moot point.
～う（よう）ものなら【もしそんなことをしたら大変なことになる】
Now, I don't think 二度と政界に戻れないだろう is a 大変なこと (debatable), but the syntax again doesn't match up; we would need しよう but we have した. So this pattern is also eliminated.
So that just leaves us with choice #1.
～が最後・～たら最後 【「最後」という言葉の示すとおり、「～のようなことをしたら、もうすべてがだめになる、最後だ」という気持ちが強い。】
動詞の～た形＋が最後 or 動詞の～たら形＋最後
First off, I'd say that 二度と政界に戻れないだろう is more だめ than 大変. But between choices #1 and #3, only this one has the correct syntax. Some (many?) times on the higher level tests (N2 and N1), the correct choice for a grammar question is not simply knowing the general meaning, but like here, knowing the correct syntactical formation, as well as the distinct usage nuances. That's why it's N1! Hope this helps.
All examples and definitions taken from どんな時どう使う日本語表現文型５００ 中・上級
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