nuances - Transitive verbs where the direct object is a clause

I encountered the following sentence from Jisho.org when looking up the definition of 確かめる {たしかめる}:

窓｛まど｝が閉まって｛しまって｝いるか確かめとけ

As 確かめる is a transitive verb (according to Jisho.org at least), I was under the impression that it required a direct object marked with を in order to be intelligible. However, in this sentence, the direct object (at least by English standards) seems to be marked with か. I assume this has something to do with the fact that the object is a clause rather than a single noun.

My actual questions are:

1. Is the above form specific to 確かめる or can it be generalized to other verbs (～ているか＋transitive verb). For example, would the following be a natural/understandable sentence?

本に書いているか止めなさい。

Stop writing in the book.

2. 
   

   Could the か have been replaced with another particle (perhaps と or maybe even ことを) and if so, would the meaning have changed?

   
   


3. 
   

   Are there other valid particles that could mark an object of a transitive verb besides を and か?

   
   

Answer

This structure is called embedded questions.

Is the above form specific to 確かめる?

No. It's not specific to 確かめる, but used with 聞く, 考える, 見る, 知っている, 教える, and so on.

For example, would the following be a natural/understandable sentence? 本に書いているか止めなさい。

No. Because か is the question marker, that sentence does not make sense. "[×]Stop whether you write something on the book!"

Could the か have been replaced with another particle (perhaps と or maybe even ことを) and if so, would the meaning have changed?

In this case, yes, but the meaning will change a bit.

• 窓が閉まっているか確かめとけ。 Confirm whether the window is closed.


• 窓が閉まっていると確かめとけ。 Confirm that the window is closed.


• 窓が閉まっていることを確かめとけ。 Confirm that the window is closed.

The last two sentences strongly say the window must be closed. The first one still usually implies the same thing, but basically only says you must check whether the window is open or closed.

Are there other valid particles that could mark an object of a transitive verb besides を and か?

As you have already said, と for quotes is a particle that works like an object marker (e.g., ～と思う, ～と聞く). I don't know if it's grammatically an object marker in Japanese, though.