In my opinion, they both share the same meaning of "~, isn't it". However, it seems that they cannot be used interchangeably. For example, in the following sentence, according to my mock exam textbook, ではないだろうか is correct for ＿＿ but not だろうか .
ラブレターや海外からの絵葉書をメールで代用するのはおそらく無理 ＿＿。
Answer
In the descending order of certainty:
- ～だろう = "I think (some clause)." The speaker thinks the clause is probably (or almost certainly) true.
- ～ではないだろうか = "I think (some clause), isn't it?" The speaker thinks the clause is perhaps true, but he's less certain as compared to the first sentence.
- ～だろうか = "I wonder whether or not (some clause)." The speaker doesn't know if the clause is true or false. You cannot add 恐らく to this sentence because the speaker is totally unsure.
- ～ではないだろう = "I don't think (some clause)." The speaker thinks the clause is probably not true.
- 彼は（恐らく）大丈夫だろう。 He must be okay.
- 彼は（恐らく）大丈夫ではないだろうか。 I think he is okay.
- 彼は大丈夫だろうか。 I wonder if he is okay. / I'm worried if he's okay.
- 彼は（恐らく）大丈夫ではないだろう。 He must not be okay.
In the example sentence, the speaker is saying "It's probably impossible (無理) to use e-mails in place of ...", so 恐らく無理ではないだろうか is the correct phrase. 恐らく無理だろう is equally fine. The existence of the word 恐らく is what makes ～だろうか wrong. You can't usually say "I wonder if he is probably fine." in English, either.
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